50% Correction Is Impossible! Really?

Submitted by Lance Roberts via RealInvestmentAdvice.com,

There is little doubt currently that complacency reigns in the financial markets. Nowhere is that complacency more evident than in the Market Greed/Fear Index which combines the 4-measures of investor sentiment (AAII, INVI, MarketVane, & NAAIM) with the inverse Volatility Index.

The reason I revisit the index above is due to last Thursday’s “3-Things” post in which I presented two arguments concerning the potential for a 50-70% decline in the markets. John Hussman’s view was simply a valuation argument stating:

“To offer some idea of the precipice the market has reached, the median price/revenue ratio of individual S&P 500 component stocks now stands just over 2.45, easily the highest level in history. The longer-term norm for the S&P 500 price/revenue ratio is less than 1.0. Even a retreat to 1.3, which we’ve observed at many points even in recent cycles, would take the stock market to nearly half of present levels.”

Continue reading “50% Correction Is Impossible! Really?”

PERMANENTLY HIGH PLATEAU

The talking heads will be rolled out on CNBC to assure the masses that all is well. The economy is strong. Corporate profits are awesome. The stock market will go higher. Op-eds will be written by Wall Street CEOs telling you it’s the best time to invest. Federal Reserve presidents will give speeches saying there are clear skies ahead. Obama will hold a press conference to tell you how many jobs he’s added and how low the budget deficit has gone.

We couldn’t possibly be entering phase two of our Greater Depression after a temporary lull provided by the $8 trillion pumped into the veins of Wall Street by the Fed and Obama. Could we?

1927-1933 Chart of Pompous Prognosticators

Chart locations are an approximate indication only

  1. “We will not have any more crashes in our time.”
    – John Maynard Keynes in 1927
  2. “I cannot help but raise a dissenting voice to statements that we are living in a fool’s paradise, and that prosperity in this country must necessarily diminish and recede in the near future.”
    – E. H. H. Simmons, President, New York Stock Exchange, January 12, 1928
    “There will be no interruption of our permanent prosperity.”
    – Myron E. Forbes, President, Pierce Arrow Motor Car Co., January 12, 1928
  3. “No Congress of the United States ever assembled, on surveying the state of the Union, has met with a more pleasing prospect than that which appears at the present time. In the domestic field there is tranquility and contentment…and the highest record of years of prosperity. In the foreign field there is peace, the goodwill which comes from mutual understanding.”
    – Calvin Coolidge December 4, 1928
  4. “There may be a recession in stock prices, but not anything in the nature of a crash.”
    – Irving Fisher, leading U.S. economist , New York Times, Sept. 5, 1929
  5. “Stock prices have reached what looks like a permanently high plateau. I do not feel there will be soon if ever a 50 or 60 point break from present levels, such as (bears) have predicted. I expect to see the stock market a good deal higher within a few months.”
    – Irving Fisher, Ph.D. in economics, Oct. 17, 1929
    “This crash is not going to have much effect on business.”
    – Arthur Reynolds, Chairman of Continental Illinois Bank of Chicago, October 24, 1929
    “There will be no repetition of the break of yesterday… I have no fear of another comparable decline.”
    – Arthur W. Loasby (President of the Equitable Trust Company), quoted in NYT, Friday, October 25, 1929

    “We feel that fundamentally Wall Street is sound, and that for people who can afford to pay for them outright, good stocks are cheap at these prices.”
    – Goodbody and Company market-letter quoted in The New York Times, Friday, October 25, 1929

  6. “This is the time to buy stocks. This is the time to recall the words of the late J. P. Morgan… that any man who is bearish on America will go broke. Within a few days there is likely to be a bear panic rather than a bull panic. Many of the low prices as a result of this hysterical selling are not likely to be reached again in many years.”
    – R. W. McNeel, market analyst, as quoted in the New York Herald Tribune, October 30, 1929
    “Buying of sound, seasoned issues now will not be regretted”
    – E. A. Pearce market letter quoted in the New York Herald Tribune, October 30, 1929
    “Some pretty intelligent people are now buying stocks… Unless we are to have a panic — which no one seriously believes, stocks have hit bottom.”
    – R. W. McNeal, financial analyst in October 1929
  7. “The decline is in paper values, not in tangible goods and services…America is now in the eighth year of prosperity as commercially defined. The former great periods of prosperity in America averaged eleven years. On this basis we now have three more years to go before the tailspin.”
    – Stuart Chase (American economist and author), NY Herald Tribune, November 1, 1929
    “Hysteria has now disappeared from Wall Street.”
    – The Times of London, November 2, 1929
    “The Wall Street crash doesn’t mean that there will be any general or serious business depression… For six years American business has been diverting a substantial part of its attention, its energies and its resources on the speculative game… Now that irrelevant, alien and hazardous adventure is over. Business has come home again, back to its job, providentially unscathed, sound in wind and limb, financially stronger than ever before.”
    – Business Week, November 2, 1929

    “…despite its severity, we believe that the slump in stock prices will prove an intermediate movement and not the precursor of a business depression such as would entail prolonged further liquidation…”
    – Harvard Economic Society (HES), November 2, 1929

  8. “… a serious depression seems improbable; [we expect] recovery of business next spring, with further improvement in the fall.”
    – HES, November 10, 1929
    “The end of the decline of the Stock Market will probably not be long, only a few more days at most.”
    – Irving Fisher, Professor of Economics at Yale University, November 14, 1929
    “In most of the cities and towns of this country, this Wall Street panic will have no effect.”
    – Paul Block (President of the Block newspaper chain), editorial, November 15, 1929

    “Financial storm definitely passed.”
    – Bernard Baruch, cablegram to Winston Churchill, November 15, 1929

  9. “I see nothing in the present situation that is either menacing or warrants pessimism… I have every confidence that there will be a revival of activity in the spring, and that during this coming year the country will make steady progress.”
    – Andrew W. Mellon, U.S. Secretary of the Treasury December 31, 1929
    “I am convinced that through these measures we have reestablished confidence.”
    – Herbert Hoover, December 1929
    “[1930 will be] a splendid employment year.”
    – U.S. Dept. of Labor, New Year’s Forecast, December 1929
  10. “For the immediate future, at least, the outlook (stocks) is bright.”
    – Irving Fisher, Ph.D. in Economics, in early 1930
  11. “…there are indications that the severest phase of the recession is over…”
    – Harvard Economic Society (HES) Jan 18, 1930
  12. “There is nothing in the situation to be disturbed about.”
    – Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon, Feb 1930
  13. “The spring of 1930 marks the end of a period of grave concern…American business is steadily coming back to a normal level of prosperity.”
    – Julius Barnes, head of Hoover’s National Business Survey Conference, Mar 16, 1930
    “… the outlook continues favorable…”
    – HES Mar 29, 1930
  14. “… the outlook is favorable…”
    – HES Apr 19, 1930
  15. “While the crash only took place six months ago, I am convinced we have now passed through the worst — and with continued unity of effort we shall rapidly recover. There has been no significant bank or industrial failure. That danger, too, is safely behind us.”
    – Herbert Hoover, President of the United States, May 1, 1930
    “…by May or June the spring recovery forecast in our letters of last December and November should clearly be apparent…”
    – HES May 17, 1930
    “Gentleman, you have come sixty days too late. The depression is over.”
    – Herbert Hoover, responding to a delegation requesting a public works program to help speed the recovery, June 1930
  16. “… irregular and conflicting movements of business should soon give way to a sustained recovery…”
    – HES June 28, 1930
  17. “… the present depression has about spent its force…”
    – HES, Aug 30, 1930
  18. “We are now near the end of the declining phase of the depression.”
    – HES Nov 15, 1930
  19. “Stabilization at [present] levels is clearly possible.”
    – HES Oct 31, 1931
  20. “All safe deposit boxes in banks or financial institutions have been sealed… and may only be opened in the presence of an agent of the I.R.S.”
    – President F.D. Roosevelt, 1933

CULTURE OF IGNORANCE – PART ONE

“Five percent of the people think;
ten percent of the people think they think;
and the other eighty-five percent would rather die than think.”

– Thomas Edison

The kabuki theater that passes for governance in Washington D.C. reveals the profound level of ignorance shrouding this Empire of Debt in its prolonged death throes. Ignorance of facts; ignorance of math; ignorance of history; ignorance of reality; and ignorance of how ignorant we’ve become as a nation, have set us up for an epic fall. It’s almost as if we relish wallowing in our ignorance like a fat lazy sow in a mud hole. The lords of the manor are able to retain their power, control and huge ill-gotten riches because the government educated serfs are too ignorant to recognize the self-evident contradictions in the propaganda they are inundated with by state controlled media on a daily basis.

 

“Any formal attack on ignorance is bound to fail because the masses are always ready to defend their most precious possession – their ignorance.” Hendrik Willem van Loon

The levels of ignorance are multi-dimensional and diverse, crossing all educational, income, and professional ranks. The stench of ignorance has settled like Chinese toxic smog over our country, as various constituents have chosen comforting ignorance over disconcerting knowledge. The highly educated members, who constitute the ruling class in this country, purposefully ignore facts and truth because the retention and enhancement of their wealth and power are dependent upon them not understanding what they clearly have the knowledge to understand. The underclass wallow in their ignorance as their life choices, absence of concern for marriage or parenting, lack of interest in educating themselves, and hiding behind the cross of victimhood and blaming others for their own failings. Everyone is born ignorant and the path to awareness and knowledge is found in reading books. Rich and poor alike are free to read and educate themselves. The government, union teachers, and a village are not necessary to attain knowledge. It requires hard work and clinging to your willful ignorance to remain stupid.

The youth of the country consume themselves in techno-narcissistic triviality, barely looking up from their iGadgets long enough to make eye contact with other human beings. The toxic combination of government delivered public education, dumbed down socially engineered curriculum, taught by uninspired intellectually average union controlled teachers, to distracted, unmotivated, latchkey kids, has produced a generation of young people ignorant about history, basic mathematical concepts, and the ability or interest to read and write. They have been taught to feel rather than think critically. They have been programmed to believe rather than question and explore. Slogans and memes have replaced knowledge and understanding. They have been lured into inescapable student loan debt serfdom by the very same government that is handing them a $200 trillion entitlement bill and an economy built upon low paying service jobs that don’t require a college education, because the most highly educated members of society realized that outsourcing the higher paying production jobs to slave labor factories in Asia was great for the bottom line, their stock options and bonus pools.

Instead of being outraged and lashing out against this injustice, the medicated, daycare reared youth passively lose themselves in the inconsequentiality and shallowness of social media, reality TV, and the internet, while living in their parents’ basement. They have chosen the ignorance inflicted upon their brains by thousands of hours spent twittering, texting, facebooking, seeking out adorable cat videos on the internet, viewing racist rap singer imbeciles rent out sports stadiums to propose to vacuous big breasted sluts on reality cable TV shows, and sitting zombie-like for days with a controller in hand blowing up cities, killing whores, and murdering policemen using their new PS4 on their 65 inch HDTV, rather than gaining a true understanding of the world by reading Steinbeck, Huxley, and Orwell. Technology has reduced our ability to think and increased our ignorance.

“During my eighty-seven years, I have witnessed a whole succession of technological revolutions. But none of them has done away with the need for character in the individual or the ability to think.” – Bernard M. Baruch

The youth have one thing going for them. They are still young and can awaken from their self-imposed stupor of ignorance. There are over 80 million millenials between the ages of 8 and 30 years old who need to start questioning the paradigm they are inheriting and critically examining the mendacious actions of their elders. The future of the country is in their hands, so I hope they put down those iGadgets and open their eyes before it is too late. We need many more patriots like Edward Snowden and far fewer twerking sluts like Miley Cyrus if we are to overcome the smog of apathy and ignorance blanketing our once sentient nation.

The ignorance of youth can be chalked up to inexperience, lack of wisdom, and immaturity. There is no excuse for the epic level of ignorance displayed by older generations over the last thirty years. Boomers and Generation X have charted the course of this ship of state for decades. Ship of fools is a more fitting description, as they have stimulated the entitlement mentality that has overwhelmed the fiscal resources of the country. Our welfare/warfare empire, built upon a Himalayan mountain of debt, enabled by a central bank owned by Wall Street, and perpetuated by swarms of corrupt bought off spineless politicians, is the ultimate testament to the seemingly limitless level of ignorance engulfing our civilization. The entitlement mindset permeates our culture from the richest to the poorest. Mega-corporations use their undue influence (bribes disguised as campaign contributions) to elect pliable candidates to office, hire lobbyists to write the laws and tax regulations governing their industries, and collude with the bankers and other titans of industry to harvest maximum profits from the increasingly barren fields of a formerly thriving land of milk and honey. By unleashing a torrent of unbridled greed, ransacking the countryside, and burning down the villages, the ruling class has planted the seeds of their own destruction.

When the underclass observes Wall Street bankers committing the crime of the century with no consequences for their actions, they learn a lesson. When billionaire banker/politicians like Jon Corzine can steal $1.2 billion directly from the accounts of farmers and ranchers and continue to live a life of luxury in one of his six mansions, they get the message. Wall Street bankers are allowed to commit fraud, reaping profits of $25 billion, and when they are caught red handed pay a $5 billion fine while admitting no guilt. No connected bankers have gone to jail for crashing the worldwide financial system, but teenage marijuana dealers are incarcerated for ten years in our corporate prison system. The message has been received loud and clear by the unwashed masses. Committing fraud and gaming the system is OK. Only suckers play by the rules anymore. A culture of lawlessness, greed, fraud, deceit, swindles and scams was fashioned by those in power. Reckless disregard for honesty, truthfulness, fair dealing, and treating others as you would like to be treated, has permeated the beliefs and behavior of our society.

The ever increasing number of people in the SNAP program along with abuses committed by retailers and recipients, the skyrocketing number of people faking their way into the SSDI program, billions of taxpayer dollars lost to Medicare fraud, billions more lost paying out earned income tax credit refunds based on non-existent children, public schools falsifying test scores, students cheating on SAT tests, credit card fraud on a grand scale, failure to report income and falsifying tax returns, and a myriad of other dodges and scams are just a reflection of a moral and cultural collapse. The dog eat dog mentality glorified by the media, with such despicable men as Dimon, Greenspan, Corzine, Clinton, Trump, Rubin, Bernanke and Bloomberg honored as pillars of society, has displaced honesty, compassion, humanity, shared sacrifice, and caring about our descendants. Self-interest, self-indulgence, and a narcissistic focus on what is in it for me today has led to an implosion of trust and an attitude of “who cares” about our fellow man, morality, right or wrong, and the fate of future generations. We ignored the warnings of our last President who displayed courageousness and truthfulness when speaking to the American people.

“As we peer into society’s future, we — you and I, and our government — must avoid the impulse to live only for today, plundering for our own ease and convenience the precious resources of tomorrow. We cannot mortgage the material assets of our grandchildren without risking the loss also of their political and spiritual heritage. We want democracy to survive for all generations to come, not to become the insolvent phantom of tomorrow.” Dwight D. Eisenhower

The Me Generation has devolved into the Me Culture. While the masses have been mesmerized by their iGadgets, zombified by the boob tube, programmed to consume by the Madison Avenue propaganda machines, enslaved in chains of debt by the Wall Street plantation owners, and convinced by their fascist government keepers that phantom terrorists are hiding behind every bush, they surrendered their freedoms, liberties and sense of self-responsibility. There will always be evil men seeking to control and manipulate the ignorant and oblivious. A citizenry armed with knowledge, critical thinking skills, and moral integrity would not passively submit to the will of a corporate fascist oligarchy. Well educated, well informed citizens, capable of critical thinking are dangerous to rich men of evil intent. Obedient, universally ignorant, distracted, fearful, morally depraved slaves are what the owners of this country want. As the light of knowledge flickers and dies, we sink into the darkness of ignorance.

 

“No people will tamely surrender their Liberties, nor can any be easily subdued, when knowledge is diffused and virtue is preserved. On the Contrary, when People are universally ignorant, and debauched in their Manners, they will sink under their own weight without the Aid of foreign Invaders.”Samuel Adams

Cult of Ignorance

“There is a cult of ignorance in the United States, and there has always been. The strain of anti-intellectualism has been a constant thread winding its way through our political and cultural life, nurtured by the false notion that democracy means that “my ignorance is just as good as your knowledge.”Isaac Asimov

  

“While every group has certain economic interests identical with those of all groups, every group has also, as we shall see, interests antagonistic to those of all other groups. While certain public policies would in the long run benefit everybody, other policies would benefit one group only at the expense of all other groups. The group that would benefit by such policies, having such a direct interest in them, will argue for them plausibly and persistently. It will hire the best buyable minds to devote their whole time to presenting its case. And it will finally either convince the general public that its case is sound, or so befuddle it that clear thinking on the subject becomes next to impossible.

In addition to these endless pleadings of self-interest, there is a second main factor that spawns new economic fallacies every day. This is the persistent tendency of man to see only the immediate effects of a given policy, or its effects only on a special group, and to neglect to inquire what the long-run effects of that policy will be not only on that special group but on all groups. It is the fallacy of overlooking secondary consequences.”Henry Hazlitt

America’s cult of ignorance, combined with the selfish interests of various constituencies, the character weakness of the people elected to office, a lack of understanding or interest in basic mathematical concepts, and inability to comprehend the long term and unintended consequences of every piece of legislation, have brought the country to the brink of fiscal disaster. But still, the vast majority of Americans, including the supposed intellectuals and economic “experts”, are basking in their ignorance, as the stock market reaches a new high, the local GM dealer just gave them a 7 year $40,000 auto loan at 0% on that brand new Cadillac Escalade, Bank of America still hasn’t foreclosed on their McMansion two years after making their last mortgage payment, and they just received three pre-approved credit card notices from Capital One, American Express and Citicorp. As long as Bennie has our back printing $1 trillion new greenbacks per year, nothing can possibly go wrong. Our best and brightest economic minds are always right:

“Stocks have reached what looks like a permanently high plateau.” – Irving Fisher, Professor of Economics, Yale University, 1929

“Many of the new financial products that have been created, with financial derivatives being the most notable, contribute economic value by unbundling risks and shifting them in a highly calibrated manner. Although these instruments cannot reduce the risk inherent in real assets, they can redistribute it in a way that induces more investment in real assets and, hence, engenders higher productivity and standards of living.” – Alan Greenspan – March 6, 2000

“We’ve never had a decline in house prices on a nationwide basis. So, what I think what is more likely is that house prices will slow, maybe stabilize, might slow consumption spending a bit. I don’t think it’s gonna drive the economy too far from its full employment path, though.” Ben Bernanke – July 2005

The profound level of ignorance displayed by economists, politicians, business leaders, media personalities, and the average American, regarding the mathematically unsustainable path of our fiscal ship is perplexing to me on so many levels. If the Federal government was a family, the budget ceiling debate would be put into the following terms. Our household earns $28,000 per year, but we spend $38,000 per year and add $10,000 to our credit card balance, which stands at the limit of $170,000. In addition, we owe our neighbors $2 million we don’t have because we promised to pay if they voted for us as Treasurer of our homeowners association. We celebrate our good fortune of getting approved for another credit card with a $30,000 limit by increasing our spending to $39,000 per year. Intellectuals scorn such simplistic analogies by glibly pointing out that the family has a crazy uncle with a printing press in the basement and can pay-off the debt with his freshly printed dollars. And this is where the deliberate and calculated ignorance by the highly educated Ivy Leaguers regarding long term and unintended consequences is revealed. They ignore, manipulate, cover-up and obscure the facts because their wealth, power and influence depend upon them doing so. But ignorance doesn’t change the facts.

“Facts do not cease to exist because they are ignored.” Aldous Huxley

Nothing exposes the ignorance of various factions within our society better than a debate about budgets, spending, and unfunded liabilities. This is where every party, group, special interest, and voting bloc ignore any and all facts that are contrary to their selfish interest. They only see what they want to see. The fallacies, errors, omissions and mistruths of their positions are inconsequential to people who only care about their short-term self-seeking interests. When I question the out of control spending on entitlements and our impossible to honor level of unfunded liabilities, those of a liberal persuasion lash out with accusations of hating the poor, starving children and throwing granny under the bus. Anyone suggesting we should slow our spending is branded a terrorist by the overwhelmingly liberal legacy media.

When I accuse Wall Street bankers of criminal fraud and ongoing manipulation of the financial markets, the CNBC loving apologists for these felons bellow about the market always being right. When I rail about the military industrial complex and our un-Constitutional invasions of other countries, the neo-cons come out in force blathering about the war on terror and imminent threats. When I point out the horrific results of our government run educational system and how mediocre union teachers are bankrupting our states and municipalities with their gold plated health and pension plans, I’m met with howls of outrage about the poor children. The common thread is that facts are ignored because each of their agendas requires ignorance on the part of their team’s fans.

The following chart of truth portrays an unsustainable path. Ignoring the facts will not change them. This isn’t a Republican problem or a Democrat problem. It’s an American problem.

 

“There are men regarded today as brilliant economists, who deprecate saving and recommend squandering on a national scale as the way of economic salvation; and when anyone points to what the consequences of these policies will be in the long run, they reply flippantly, as might the prodigal son of a warning father: “In the long run we are all dead.” And such shallow wisecracks pass as devastating epigrams and the ripest wisdom.” Henry Hazlitt

Henry Hazlitt may have written these words six decades ago, but they aptly describe Paul Krugman and the legions of Keynesian apostles whose bastardized interpretation of Keynes’ theory has led us to this fiscal cliff. How anyone can truly believe that borrowing to consume foreign produced goods versus saving and making job creating capital investments is a rational and sustainable economic policy is the height of ignorance. One look at this chart exposes the political party system as a sham. When it comes to the fiscal train wreck, set in motion thirty years ago, the ignorant media pundits peddle a narrative about politicians failing to compromise as the culprit in this derailment. Nothing could be further from the truth. Compromise is what has gotten us to this point. The Republicans compromised and allowed the Democrats to create a welfare state. The Democrats compromised and allowed the Republicans to create a warfare state. The Federal Reserve compromised their mandate of stable prices and preventing financial calamities by inflating away 95% of the dollar’s purchasing power in 100 years, while creating bubbles every five or so years, like clockwork. There are a myriad of facts related to the chart above that cannot be ignored:

  • It took 192 years for the country to accumulate $1 trillion in debt. It has taken us 30 years to accumulate the next $16 trillion of debt. We now add $1 trillion of debt per year.
  • If the Federal government was required to use GAAP accounting, the annual deficit would amount to $6.7 trillion per year.
  • The fiscal gap of unfunded future liabilities for Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and government pensions is $200 trillion.
  • Using realistic growth assumptions adds another $6 trillion of state and local government unfunded pension benefits to the equation.
  • The Federal government has increased their annual spending from $1.8 trillion during Bill Clinton’s last year in office to $3.8 trillion today, a 110% increase. The population has increased by 12% over that same time frame, and real GDP has advanced by 25% since 2000.
  • Defense spending has increased from $358 billion in 2000 to $831 billion today, despite the fact that no country on earth can challenge us militarily.
  • The average Baby Boomer will receive $300,000 more than they contributed to Social Security and Medicare over their lifetime. Over 10,000 Boomers per day will turn 65 for the next 17 years.
  • The Social Security lockbox is filled with IOUs. The funds collected from paychecks over the last 80 years were spent by Congress on wars of choice, bridges to nowhere, and thousands of other vote buying ventures.
  • A normalization of interest rates to long-term averages would double or triple the interest on the national debt and increase our annual deficits by at least 30%.
  • Obamacare and the unintended consequences of Obamacare will add tens of trillions to our national debt. The initial budget projections for Medicare and Medicaid showed only a modest financial impact on the financial situation of the country. How did that work out?
  • Entitlement spending in 2003 was $1.3 trillion. Entitlement spending in 2008 was $1.7 trillion. Entitlement spending in 2013 was $2.2 trillion. Entitlement spending in 2018 will be $2.8 trillion, as these programs are on automatic pilot.

When you consider the facts in a rational manner, without vitriolic denials, bitter accusations, acrimonious blame, and rejection of the entire premise, you come to the conclusion that we’ve passed the point of no return. Decades of bad choices, bad leadership, bad men in important positions, bad education, bad governance, and bad citizenship have led to bad times. But very few people, across all socio-economic classes, have any interest in understanding the facts or making the tough choices required to save future generations from a life of squalor. We willfully choose to ignore the facts.

“Most ignorance is vincible ignorance. We don’t know because we don’t want to know.” Aldous Huxley

Our degraded and ignorant society is incapable of comprehending their dire circumstances or acting for the common good of the country. We are a nation on the take. Greed really is good. Everyone needs to play the game. From the top floor corporate CEO suite to the decaying urban wastelands, we have chosen comforting ignorance to uncomfortable knowledge. Our warped form of democracy enriches the few at the top, while dispensing enough subsistence payments to the lower classes to keep them from revolting, while enslaving the middle class in debt and convincing them it’s really wealth. Mencken understood the pathetic impulses of the American populace decades before we reached our point of no return.

“Democracy is a pathetic belief in the collective wisdom of individual ignorance.” – H.L. Mencken

The only way a democracy can survive is if the population is knowledgeable, vigilant, skeptical, educated, individually responsible, self-reliant, moral, capable of critical thinking and willing to accept the consequences of their actions. A nation of takers, fakers and blamers will not last long. We’ve degenerated into a nation of knowledge hating book burners. Our culture of ignorance will lead to the destruction of our culture and the ignorant masses will wonder what happened.

 

“But you can’t make people listen. They have to come round in their own time, wondering what happened and why the world blew up around them. It can’t last.”Ray Bradbury – Fahrenheit 451

In Part Two of this examination about our culture of ignorance I’ll explore the roles of technology, family breakdown, government, and propaganda in creating the ignorance that is consuming our system like a mutant parasite. If you are seeking a happy ending, I suggest looking elsewhere.

Money in America, Part Six

In the last episode, we followed post-World War One arrangements to return to a gold standard generally; the little-known Recession of 1920-1; the Strong-Norman dynamic duo; the Weimar collapse; the easy money that put the roar in the Roaring 20s; Black Thursday and Hoover’s seeds of the New Deal.

An overture: February, 1929, Montague Norman comes to the United States for secret meeting with Secretary of the Treasury, Andrew Mellon. Also, he confers with Federal Reserve directors, presumably to agree to a coordinated approach to the impending bubble collapse.

Let it be?

Surely it was only a coincidence that the Federal Reserve advisory to member banks was to liquidate their stock market holdings. Paul Warburg had also told stockholders of his International Acceptance Bank:

If the orgies of unrestrained speculation are permitted to spread, the ultimate collapse is certain not only to affect the speculators themselves, but to bring about a general depression involving the entire country.

After Black Thursday

The stock market crash of 1929 did not cause the Great Depression but it was a warning. Too much speculation, animal spirits, hid the underlying truth of much productivity increase since the 1920-1 correction.

A voice crying in the wilderness at the time:

I was one of the only ones to predict what was going to happen. In early 1929, when I made this forecast, I said that there would be no hope of a recovery in Europe until interest rates fell, and interest rates would not fall until the American boom collapses, which I said was likely to happen within the next few months.

What made me expect this, of course, is one of main theoretical beliefs that you cannot indefinitely maintain an inflationary boom. Such a boom creates all kinds of artificial jobs that might keep going for a fairly long time but sooner or later must collapse. Also, I was convinced that after 1927, when the Federal Reserve made an attempt to stave off a collapse by credit expansion, the boom had become a typically inflationary one.

Friedrich Hayek

Irving Fisher had a different viewpoint, thought stocks would rebound, had skin in the game and got skinned. By 1933, he had rejected equilibrium and developed his theory of debt-deflation. He reckoned that speculation and overconfidence were less important than the risk factor of debt.

I fancy that over-confidence seldom does any great harm except when, as, and if, it beguiles its victims into debt.

It took three years for the market to find a bottom. With Hoover doing his bit along the way: wage controls, assisted by the Smoot-Hawley tariff, public works like the Hoover Dam, increased corporate taxes, the increase in the top tax bracket from 25% to 63% and more.

Coolidge on political action:

When depression in business comes, we begin to be very conservative in our financial affairs. We save our money and take no changes in its investment. Yet in our political actions we go in the opposite direction …

When times are good we might take a chance on a radical government. But when we are financially weakened we need the soundest and wisest of men and measures.

Silent Cal also said that Hoover had given him nothing but advice (as Secretary of Commerce) and all of it bad. Coolidge also labelled him “Wonder Boy” back then.

Hoover’s good intention of maintaining wages ran down a rocky road: some businesses followed the ‘patriotic’ duty foisted on them by cutting staff; others simply went out of business. Oh well. To compensate, the administration by April 1930 pumped public works spending to the highest point in five years.

And then there were the farmers. Having been lured into acquiring more land through easy money, and consequent overproduction, supply outran demand. Prices were falling. Deflation! Shock, horror, but Hoover’s tariff was part of the fix. Irving Fisher and 1027 other economists signed a letter to Hoover begging him to veto the bill, because of the unintended consequences.

The irony is, getting rid of tariffs (they were regressive!) was the justification for the income tax. Also, over the preceding fifteen years, U.S. exports surpassed foreign imports – what domestic price improvement would be made would be offset by reduced or curtailed export income. And, not to mention, higher food prices tended to disadvantage the poor sap buying groceries.

And by early 1930, unemployment was up to nine percent anyway.

That was the year Paul Warburg published his The Federal Reserve System: Its Origin and Growth. (1930) From Vol. 1:

While technically and legally the Federal Reserve note is an obligation of the United States Government, in reality it is an obligation, the sole actual responsibility for which rests on the reserve banks … The government could only be called upon to take them up after the reserve banks had failed.

Hoover tried an each-way bet for his tariff: he would not veto it, contingent on his independent commission overseeing and setting prices domestically after review of local and foreign statistics. But the executive could veto the conclusions of the committee …

Inevitably, retaliation happened. First, the Swiss, upset about their watch exports, boycotted all U.S. Imports. Add Italy, France, India, Canada and dozens of others.

To make matters worse, the U.S. was owed debts from foreigners from the war years and after. Without cross-trade under the gold exchange standard such repayments easily fell into arrears. Shooting yourself in both feet is not a sound foundation to stand on.

Hoover had been dubbed “the Great Engineer” for the world-class firm he founded in 1908 and his reputation expanded for his humanitarian efforts in organizing food shipment to central Europe during WW1 and even into Russia in 1921. By the 1932 election, voters remembered he had supported Prohibition and its unintended consequences and the near-death spiral of unemployment up above 24.1% and rising, more raised income taxes across the board, the Bonus Army and other Hoovervilles.

The New Deal Era

Franklin Delano Roosevelt won 42 of the 48 states in the 1932 election.

Russians Hopeful of ‘a New Deal’

New York Times dispatch from abroad. November 10, 1932

FDR’s first national radio speech in April, 1932 on the campaign trail focused on the underdog: “the Forgotten Man”. No, hardly the one written by William Graham Sumner. The new, improved version was of the “forgotten, the unorganized but indispensable unit of economic power.”

The inauguration on March 4, 1933 was the last such transition date. The Twentieth Amendment changed inauguration date to January 4 – it was ratified on January 23, 1933 but took effect on October 15, 1933.

In his 20-minute speech, Roosevelt asserted

that the only thing we have to fear… is fear itself

along with the greed … of bankers and businessmen, unscrupulous money changers, the falsity of material wealth, to put people to work, and requesting broad Executive powers.

The following day, he asked Congress for a bank holiday and initiated one by personal edict. On March 9, the retroactive Emergency Banking Act was signed; it included the process for reopening the banks and a few other obscure matters. Ten thousand banks had failed from 1929 to 1932; the current bank panic and runs on the banks by scared depositors was the justification for the bank holiday of four days, breathing space for legislation to cope.

By the end of the month, three-fourths of the closed banks were returned to business as usual.

More or less … Fractured reserve banking had received unlimited amounts of Federal Reserve currency to restore their solvency.

On March 12, 1933 FDR inaugurated his fireside chats. He asked the public to banish fear. A day later, citizens stood in line having raided their mattresses and restored half of their currency that had been ‘hoarded’ during the crisis.

Executive Order 6102

Technically, this was signed on April 5, 1933. In reality it was already a fait accompli due to the Emergency Banking Act. This had incorporated provisions from the never repealed 1917 Trading with the Enemy Act and a subsection dealing with the Federal Reserve Act and the Secretary of the Treasury. There had also been a stopgap Executive Order 6073 on March 10.

Curse those dirty hoarders was the excuse. So 6102 demanded confiscation of gold coin, gold certificates, and bullion, on pain of fine and/or imprisonment.

Oh, there were exemptions, private citizens could keep about 5 troy ounces of gold. At this time, the official price of gold was $20.67 but millions of Americans riding the rails in search of jobs and food probably did not get to exercise that option.

Those working with gold, jewelers, artisans, and so on, could maintain some working stock. And coins of numismatic value were exempt, not likely having any relevance on Main Street, though.

All else was to be returned to the Federal Reserve or their agents.

Act in haste, repent by modification: 6102 was altered by 6111, 6260 and 6261 later in the year. Even so, there was an ‘oops’: New York attorney Frederic Barber Campbell had in 1932 deposited a total of 5000 troy ounces of gold bullion at Chase National and demanded its return in September 1933. The bank cited the various executive orders and Campbell sued.

Then a federal prosecutor indicted Campbell for failing to report and failure to surrender said gold. That prosecution failed due to the error that the Secretary of the Treasury was to have signed the order instead of the president. Like they say, though, the house always wins. The right of the government to confiscate was affirmed anyway. Bye bye, bullion.

The Gold Reserve Act of 1934 sorted out all the inconsistencies and further added that gold clauses in private contracts were unenforceable. Previously, such clauses had been used to demand payment in weight of gold, on the basis one would be protected from government debasement of the money.

But that Act was yet to come and would legitimize the answer to the 1933 problem the administration faced.

Significant other activity that year was the Banking Act of 1933, aka the Glass-Steagall Act. This created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation – and the Federal Open Market Committee. Second was the acceptance of the 21st Amendment to the Constitution on December 5, 1933. This added some tax revenue to the government coffers.

 

Those old Liberty Bonds …

The chickens were coming home to roost. Aside from the interventions to help the British, the U.S. Entry into World War One was partly paid for by about 70% inflation. The public bought the Liberty Bonds – with a little push – which were gold denominated. Series one, two, and three had rolled over into a fourth in 1918 at ever more favorable rates.

For many years, the Treasury had ‘bled’ gold to pay the interest on these bonds and other debts. By 1933, the outstanding debt in gold was $22 billion and the Treasury had only $4.2 billion in the kitty.

Default was FDR’s answer but it wasn’t called that. No, the justification was shored up by blaming hoarders, the failing banks and a downturn of the economy that no one could have anticipated. The role of the Federal Reserve System in pumping the money supply for World War One and its severe contraction that led to the 1920-1 depression never entered the public discourse. James Warburg, son of Paul (one of the Jekyll Island gang) served as one of FDR’s advisors. So, too, did Irving Fisher, who’d believed his own stock market theories enough to invest the family fortune in 1929 and lost.

The bank holiday and gold confiscation went hand in hand to solve the problem that the U.S. Government simply could not pay its debts in gold.

Of course, the mantra always sounded that the most important issue was to save the banks. Another belief, supported by ‘repealing the law of supply and demand’ was artificially maintaining high prices. To assist in this and ‘help’ the farmers, 10 million acres of cotton would be plowed under; 5 million hogs and 2 million cattle would be destroyed. Of course, Hoover had helped the farmers first with the artificial raising of prices and the tariff, and loans to farmers, FDR built on this foundation with the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, and other acronym soup varieties.

Various critics complained that gold confiscation was effectively taking the country off the gold standard. FDR said it was only temporary and his Treasury Secretary William Woodin said the charge was “ridiculous and misleading.” The next step of cancelling the gold clause of private contracts did not reassure the critics.

Uncertainty ruled the day, not least amongst foreigners. FDR’s bizarre official setting of the gold price did not help.

If anybody ever knew how we really set the gold price through a combination of lucky numbers, etc., I think they would be frightened.”

Secretary of the Treasury Henry Mortenthau

While all this was happening, the ghost of Bryan raised its Populist head. Factions, particularly in the western states, were calling for a return to a bimetallic standard. FDR’s “pump and dump” began in 1933, followed by the Silver Purchase Act of 1934. The Treasury regularly bought silver at above market rates, tripling the value to one-third of its gold reserves. The metal itself had tripled in value in just two years.

“Whenever in the judgment of the President such action is necessary to effectuate the policy of this act, he may by Executive order require the delivery to the United States mints of any or all silver by whomever owned or possessed. The silver so delivered shall be coined into standard silver dollars or otherwise added to the monetary stocks of the United States as the President many determine; and there shall be returned therefor in standard silver dollars, or any other coin or currency of the United States, the monetary value of the silver so delivered less such deductions for seigniorage, brassage, coinage, and other mint charges as the Secretary of the Treasury with the approval of the President shall have determined: Provided, That in no case shall the value of the amount returned therefor be less than the fair value at the time of such order of the silver required to be delivered as such value is determined by the market price over a reasonable period terminating at the time of such order.”

excerpt from Proclamation 2092 (emphasis mine)

Unintended (?) consequences: China, traditionally on a silver-backed currency, and faced with an artificial market price for silver, did all the wrong things. Ultimately, the private banks were nationalized by the Nationalist government, unredeemable paper money to solve the problem was issued.

Fiat on. The Nationalist government debased their currency, fell eventually and the communists took charge of the country. Mexico was whacked by that 1934 Act also.

January 31, 1934 – the ‘gold letter day’ when the official price was set at $35, rather a significant devaluation of the dollar from the former $20.67 and the Treasury held its “my preciousss”. Only a few lucky individuals in the U.S. owned any gold for decades.

Earlier in January, FDR asked Congress for $10.5 billion for recovery programs. On the 31st, he signed the Farm Mortgage Refinancing Act. Several more farm relief measures were undertaken.

On June 6, FDR signed the Security Exchange Act establishing the SEC. First chairman, Joseph Kennedy.

That Silver Purchase Act which was signed on June 19 also established the National Labor Relations Board. And June 28 was very busy:

  • the start of the Federal Housing Administration
  • Taylor Grazing Act reserves 8 million acres
  • Tobacco Control Act imposes quotas
  • Federal Farm Bankruptcy Act imposes moratorium on foreclosures

 

The Second New Deal, 1935-1938

A significant style of administration change is notable in this period, as presented in FDR’s annual message to congress.

1935 gave America the Works Progress Administration, National Labor Relations Act, the Social Security Act, Resettlement Act, Rural Electrification Administration, the Wagner Act, Federal Credit Union Act, Revenue Act and more, including a Neutrality Act. The Banking Act of 1935 officialized the FDIC as a permanent agency. Keynesianism in its glory.

The next three years saw the Soil Conservation Act, United States Housing Authority, and 1936 was noteworthy for the Treasury order to build the gold repository at Fort Knox. Just as well …

So many changes, so many improvements. So much uncertainty.

Who really cared that the stock market was slowly climbing out of the abyss. Not everyone agreed with FDR’s policies, the Supreme Court overturned some of them. Meanwhile, Main Street was not singing happy days are here. Unemployment in October, 1933 was 22.9 percent, November, 23.2% and still sinking; January, 1934 at 21.2%, November, 23.2%. July, 1935, 21.3%.

By December, 1936 the rate was improved, 15.3%; a month later, 15.0%.and at 13.5 in August, 1937.

But. FDR’s tax fiddling had unintended consequences: the undistributed profits tax on companies ate into reserves and employers who had retained workers could not now afford to do so. Credit lay fallow as businesses hesitated to invest. Stock prices began falling, illuminating the inconvenient truth that companies had been losing money for years. And in the heartland, 15,000 farm families left the drought and headed west.

Also, the administration attempt to balance the budget was an unexpected U-turn. No wonder people were confused and uncertain. At any rate, the market was like Black Tuesday redux. The embezzlement by Richard Whitney, head of the NYSE, didn’t help nor even his conviction and imprisonment.

By January, 1938, unemployment was up to 17.4% in this ‘recession within a depression’. Naturally there was a decline in the stock market. Despite all the cartelization of industries under the New Deal, greedy businessmen were demonized. Yet even Keynes told FDR that the recession was more than a monetary problem:

“It is a mistake to think businessmen are more immoral than politicians.”

If there was uncertainty in business and among the general public, it was only a reflection of the dithering shifts of administration policy. Wendell Willkie made speeches on the ‘the terrifying effect of its random targeting of businesses had on the general economy.’

One sign of the times was the election of 1938. The Republican brand had lost members in both houses in 1930, with further declines in 1932, 1934, and 1936. But this time, they gained eight in the House, eight in the Senate, and eleven governors. The times they were a’changing. Meanwhile, news from Europe looked more and more grim.

In the election of 1940, Wendell Willkie had won his party’s nomination with some difficulty but offered a classical liberal platform:

I say that we must substitute for the philosophy of distributed scarcity the philosophy of unlimited productivity. I stand for the restoration of full production and reemployment by private enterprise in America.”

Roosevelt, though, had some advantages. Massive spending on jobs across the country and 42 millions enrolled in Social Security certainly helped. FDR had also diminished the rhetoric against business. Still, he lost some Democrats over the choice of running for a third term (what would George Washington have said?)

Willkie tried the ploy of claiming FDR would secretly plunge American into a world war and though it may have cost some support, FDR’s pledge ‘he would not send ‘American boys into a foreign war saw a resounding win of 27 million against Willkie’s 22 million. Electoral College: 449-82.

The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, enacted September 16, was the first peacetime conscription in American history. The initial term was for twelve months.

In early 1941, FDR asked for an extension which passed the House by a single vote.

The unemployment rate perforce went down considerably. After the Day of Infamy, a new, improved selective service act extended the term of duty to two years after the war. Pearl Harbor saw thousand of volunteers a day later and thousands more conscripted. In all, over 10 million were enrolled in the military.

And thus began the myth of ‘wartime prosperity’.

When we return, a look at the real wartime economy and the post-war boom.